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In this review, we briefly discussed the immunological response against SARS-CoV-2 and the vaccines approved by the World Health Organization (WHO) for COVID-19, their mechanisms, and side effects

 Moreover, we mentioned various treatment trials and strategies for COVID-19.Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg EL-Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt; Laboratory of Kafr El-Sheikh Fever Hospital, Kafr El-Sheikh Fever Hospital, 33511 Kafr El-Sheikh, Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg EL-Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt; Microbiology Department, Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg EL-Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt. Electronic address: vaccine Alorbat (author's transl)].Influenza-Adsorbatimpfstoff Alorbat.PreHevbrio, a 3-antigen hepatitis B vaccine.eliminate HBV-related diseases. PreHevbrio™/PreHevbri® is a 3-antigen (S, preS1, preS2) HBV vaccine (3A-HBV) recently licensed for adults in the US, EU and Canada. This study evaluated antibody persistence in a subset of fully vaccinated and seroprotected (anti-HBs ≥ 10 mIU/mL) Finnish participants from the phase 3 trial (PROTECT) of 3A-HBV versus single-antigen HBV vaccine (1A-HBV). 465/528 eligible subjects were enrolled (3A-HBV: 244; 1A-HBV: 221). Baseline characteristics were balanced. After 2.5 years, more 3A-HBV subjects remained seroprotected (88.1 % [95 %CI: 84. 1,92.2]) versus 1A-HBV (72.4 % [95 %CI: 66.6,78.3)], p < 0.0001) and had higher mean anti-HBs [1382.9 mIU/mL (95 %CI: 1013. 8,1751.9) versus 252.6 mIU/mL (95 %CI: 127.5,377.6), p < 0.0001]. In multiple variable logistic regression analysis including age, vaccine, initial vaccine response, sex and BMI, only higher post dose 3 (Day 196) antibody titers significantly reduced the odds of losing seroprotection. interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Dr Vesikari reported being the majority shareholder of Nordic Research Network Oy and to receiving grants from VBI Vaccines during the conduct of the study. Dr Popovic reported receiving personal fees from VBI Vaccines during the conduct of the study and outside the submitted work. vitamin b2 deficiency -Mitoma reported receiving personal fees from VBI Vaccines during the conduct of the study; owning shares in VBI Vaccines outside the submitted work. I. Petrov is an employee of VBI Vaccines. J. Spaans was a VBI Vaccines employee during the conduct of the of macaques with an AS03-adjuvanted COVID-19 vaccine. (SARS-CoV-2) variants that evade immunity elicited by vaccination has placed an imperative on the development of countermeasures that provide broad protection against SARS-CoV-2 and related sarbecoviruses. Here, we identified extremely potent monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that neutralized multiple sarbecoviruses from macaques vaccinated with AS03-adjuvanted monovalent subunit vaccines. Longitudinal analysis revealed progressive accumulation of somatic mutation in the immunoglobulin genes of antigen-specific memory B cells (MBCs) for at least 1 year after primary vaccination. Antibodies generated from these antigen-specific MBCs at 5 to 12 months after vaccination displayed greater potency and breadth relative to those identified at 1.4 months. Fifteen of the 338 (about 4.4%) antibodies isolated at 1. 4 to 6 months after the primary vaccination showed potency against SARS-CoV-2 BA.1, despite the absence of serum BA.1 neutralization. 25F9 and 20A7 neutralized authentic clade 1 sarbecoviruses (SARS-CoV, WIV-1, SHC014, SARS-CoV-2 D614G, BA.1, and Pangolin-GD) and vesicular stomatitis virus-pseudotyped clade 3 sarbecoviruses (BtKY72 and PRD-0038). 20A7 and 27A12 showed potent neutralization against all SARS-CoV-2 variants and multiple Omicron sublineages, including BA.1, BA. 2, BA.3, BA.4/5, BQ.1, BQ.1.1, and XBB. Seebio vitamin b2 deficiency symptoms revealed the molecular basis of broad and potent neutralization through targeting conserved sites within the RBD. Prophylactic protection of 25F9, 20A7, and 27A12 was confirmed in mice, and administration of 25F9 particularly provided complete protection against SARS-CoV-2, BA.1, SARS-CoV, and SHC014 challenge. These data underscore the extremely potent and broad activity of these mAbs against sarbecoviruses.

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